The vowels in words change depending on stress. When a word is not stressed, a vowel may become a schwa greatly changing its pronunication. In many cases, changes in stress can cause words to incorporate reduced vowels like the schwa. For example, the word a in English is likely to change from a diphthong to a schwa in a sentence when it is not stressed:
I want a new book.
Additionally, the word could change back to a diphthong, if the stress shifts to that word. (e.g., I don't want a stack of books. I just want a book!)
The reduced vowels are a weakened form. In speech, vowels often become more central. In other words the tongue moves less forward, back, up, or down and instead goes to a more central or mid-height. This requires less time and energy. It also changes the acoustic production to a new vowel sound. For cuers, this means that the vowels /ɪĭiɪĭiɪĭi/ an /əəəəəəəəə/ will be used with even greater frequency at the phrase and sentence level.
A common reponse to "how-to" questions in our community is to tell someone "this is how I cue it." In conversation, however, you one might cue a particular word differently depending on the moment, context, other words surrounding it, and your motivation for saying it. When a word is emphasized in a sentence, we say it differently than when it is not as important. These factors change the stress of the word and can change the vowels we use. So, we really cue words more than one way depending on what is happening in that moment.
Take, for example, the word them. If someone were to ask how this word should be cued, most would demonstrate placing handshape two on the chin, then moving to the side. That is the most common pronunciation for the word when it is spoken by itself. However, in a running sentence where the stress is placed on another word, the vowel may change. The vowel may become a schwa:
No, I already showed them!
In the sentence above, the stress may fall on the word already or showed. Because of this shift in stress, the word them may weaken to a schwa and be pronounced /ðt͟htHðt͟htHðt͟htHəəəəəəəəəmmmmmmmmm/. This can be a tough concept for cuers because as soon as we start analyzing the word them in the sentence, our attention causes the word to get more stress – and change back to the full vowel /ɛěehɛěehɛěeh/. People who are learning to cue should be encouraged to use the schwa as they are developing fluency so that they do not simply learn to cue only stressed forms of words strung together in sentences since that is not natural for running discourse.
/eɪāayeɪāayeɪāayˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈ/ ➜ /əəəəəəəəə/
/tttttttttuo͞oueuo͞oueuo͞oueˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈ/ ➜ /tttttttttəəəəəəəəə/
/fffffffffoōohoōohoōohˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈrrrrrrrrr/ and /fffffffffɔôawɔôawɔôawˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈrrrrrrrrr/ ➜ /fffffffffɚûrurɚûrurɚûrur/
The vowel in for changes, of course, according to dialect. However, in unstressed positions, it may be pronounced exactly like fur (i.e., animal hair).
It's for you.
Few dialects allow this reduction to occur at the end of a sentence, (e.g., Who's that for?)
/oōohoōohoōohˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈrrrrrrrrr/ and /ɔôawɔôawɔôawˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈrrrrrrrrr/ ➜ /ɚûrurɚûrurɚûrur/
The word or is likely to drop to the r-colored schwa (at the mouth placement). The question Soup or salad? is liekly to be pronounced identicallt to Super salad?
/ɑʊowowɑʊowowɑʊowowˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈɚûrurɚûrurɚûrur/ and /ɑʊowowɑʊowowɑʊowowˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈrrrrrrrrr/ ➜ /ɑäahɑäahɑäahˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈrrrrrrrrr/
In isolation or when stressed, the word our can be pronounced different ways depending on the number of syllables. However, when it is in an unstressed part of the sentence, it often is pronounced identically to the word are.
This is our new friend, Clive.
/jyyjyyjyyoōohoōohoōohˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈrrrrrrrrr/ and /jyyjyyjyyɔôawɔôawɔôawˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈrrrrrrrrr/ ➜ /jyyjyyjyyɚûrurɚûrurɚûrur/
When not stressed in a sentences, the word your is likely to pronounced with the vowel /ɚûrurɚûrurɚûrur/ (rhyming with stir).
I found the book in your bag.
If stress shifts to that word it is likely to go back to its full pronuciation:
– Is that his pencil?
– No, I think it's your pencil.
Even native English speakers are sometimes surprised by the realization that they use reduced vowels in their everyday communication. Sometimes speakers view these pronunciations as lazy, aberrant, or just plain wrong. Cuers may feel that cueing the full vowel, rather than it's reduced form, may actually provide a better (or perhaps clearer) version on English to deaf children. In fact, caregivers may use more full vowels with hearing infants. Parents use a specialized form of "parentese" speech with many full and elongated vowels. This is only temporary, of course, and some reduced vowels can still be idenitified in samples of parentese speech.
Reduced vowels are incredibly common among native English speakers and cuers. They are a fact of English language use. If one were to cue the word to only as /tttttttttuo͞oueuo͞oueuo͞oue/ and never as /tttttttttəəəəəəəəə/, it would likely be perceived by others as less natural. As an experiment, try producing the sentence, I want to go to the store, but use only full vowels. So the word to is /tttttttttuo͞oueuo͞oueuo͞oue/ and the word the is /ðt͟htHðt͟htHðt͟htHiēeeiēeeiēee/.
The sentence above is somewhat stilted by its being separate words pulled from the dictionary. However, even in running conversation, the use of full vowels is likely to give the perception to others that the speaker (or cuer) is non-native. In other words, the use of full vowels is like a foreign accent. In fact, a common feature of many foreign accents is the lack of reduced vowels. By not cueing reduced vowels to deaf cuers, one would essentially foorce upon them an artifical dialect of English. A more natural production of the sentence would likely introduce reduced vowels affecting to /tttttttttəəəəəəəəə/ and the /ðt͟htHðt͟htHðt͟htHəəəəəəəəə/.
If speech is a goal for deaf cuers, reduced vowels are essential for natural rhythm, stress, and pronunication. Reduced vowels should be used in everyday interactions, just as one would use with hearing children as they acquire language.
Another important consideration is that deaf children often grow up and teach others to cue. The natural acquisition of reduced vowels helps deaf cuers see, understand, and passively acquire the patterns of English so that they can teach cueing accurately to others.